The perinatal period refers to the period from the 28th week of pregnancy to 7 days after the baby is born. Perinatal medicine is the study of diseases that can harm the fetus by pregnant women during the perinatal period, as well as the diseases of the fetus and the newborn. Early detection of diseases and early treatment can protect the health of pregnant women and reduce the mortality of fetuses and newborns in the perinatal period.

　　The mortality of fetuses and newborns in the perinatal period is about 11-25%. Hypoxia is the first cause of death, followed by congenital malformations and premature birth. Fetal hypoxia is clinically called fetal distress and is a common disease in obstetrics. Common neonatal diseases are neonatal appointments and neonatal sepsis. The occurrence of these diseases in newborns is closely related to hypoxia.

　　Fetal distress

　　Fetal distress refers to the lack of oxygen in the mother's body. Fetal hypoxia can be chronic or acute. There are many reasons for fetal hypoxia, mainly as follows:

　　1. Some pregnant women suffer from chronic diseases such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Due to pregnancy, the burden on the heart, lungs, and kidneys is increased, and sometimes heart failure or anemia may occur. Due to the pregnant woman's own ischemia and hypoxia, the fetus is ischemia and hypoxia, which affects the development of the fetus.

　　⒉ Hemolysis of the fetus caused by the incompatibility of the blood types of mother and child. In severe cases (due to the large amount of fetal hemolysis), the fetus may die in utero.

　　3. Poor function of the placenta. Especially in the third trimester of pregnancy, the placenta does not function well, and nutrients and oxygen cannot penetrate into the fetus, causing malnutrition, ischemia, and hypoxia.

　　4. Acute fetal hypoxia is a phenomenon frequently encountered by pregnant women during childbirth. It is an acute intrauterine distress. The cause is mostly short, knotted, entangled, and prolapsed umbilical cord.

　　5. Maternal dystocia or prolonged labor, did not get timely treatment or improper treatment. Fetal distress is often overlooked, because pregnant women themselves do not have obvious subjective feelings, and only the prenatal examination will find that the fetal heart rate slows down or speeds up (ie slower than 120 beats/min, or faster than 160 beats/min) , Fetal movement is reduced (less than 10 times in 24 hours). Intrauterine distress can cause miscarriage, premature delivery, and intrauterine death. Even if the labor is short and the delivery goes smoothly, the hypoxia of the fetus will damage the brain of the fetus, which may cause the fetus to be mentally retarded, slow to respond, dumb, and even become disabled for life.

　　Since fetal distress is difficult to find and there is no medicine to treat it, we can only do more work on prevention and oxygen therapy. Prevention methods focus on the following points:

　　1. Women with chronic heart, lung, and kidney diseases should not rush into pregnancy. Because as the fetus continues to grow, the required nutrients are also increasing, which is bound to increase the burden on the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys and other organs of pregnant women. If some organs of pregnant women are not healthy enough to meet the needs of themselves and the fetus at the same time, the mild ones will cause malnutrition of the fetus, and the severe ones will lead to stillbirth and teratogenesis. There are also fetuses with hypoxia and mental retardation after birth, or other serious consequences.

　　2. Pregnant women who have had a history of miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe jaundice in the past, especially after checking the blood type of their parents and found that it may cause hemolysis of the newborn, they should go to the hospital for serum immune antibody titers on a regular basis. Once a month during the 6th month of pregnancy, once every half month for 7-8 months, and once a week after 8 months, in order to detect and prevent the harm of hemolysis to the fetus as soon as possible.

　　3. For various degrees of fetal distress in utero, pregnant women should be supplemented with oxygen. After a pregnant woman inhales oxygen, her blood oxygen concentration increases, and the increased oxygen can bring oxygen to the fetus through the placental blood flow. For pregnant women with heart, lung, kidney and other diseases, inhale oxygen for 1 to 2 hours a day at a flow rate of 1 to 2 The liter/min is appropriate to avoid organ failure, interrupt the process of hypoxia and fetal hypoxia, and prolong the growth time of the fetus in the mother to ensure the maturity of the fetus. For pregnant women with severe fetal distress, hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be performed if possible.

　　Neonatal delivery and neonatal sepsis

　　Cyanosis, also called cyanosis or cyanosis, is a common symptom of neonatal disease. Newborn refers to babies within four weeks after birth. It is found that the newborn has the symptoms of the hair group, and attention should be paid immediately, and the doctor should be consulted and treated in time to avoid the deterioration of the condition.

　　The main causes of neonatal cyanosis are as follows:

　　1. Congenital causes, such as neonatal congenital posterior nasal atresia, megaglossia, congenital tracheal stenosis, etc. Due to the poor airway, oxygen cannot fully enter the lungs, causing hypoxia.

　　⒉ There is mucus in the nasal cavity of the newborn or obstruction caused by dementia, but the cyanosis disappears after crying with one mouth.

　　⒊ Neonatal lung disease causes cyanosis. Such as congenital pulmonary dysplasia, atelectasis, inhalation of milk, vomit, or amniotic fluid into the trachea and lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome caused by infections and other reasons. .

　　4. Premature infants have immature respiratory system development, or neonatal intracranial hemorrhage caused by dystocia, will have apnea and cause cyanosis

　　5. Newborns have congenital heart disease, such as complete great vessel transposition, left heart dysplasia, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary valve and aortic valve stenosis, atrioventricular septal defect, etc. Due to a heart malformation, part of the venous blood enters the arterial blood, causing cyanosis.

　　6. Due to heart failure, shock, convulsions, or colds in newborns, the blood flow is slow, the blood is thick, and the efficiency of oxygen transport is slow, forming hair.

　　7. Newborns suffering from congenital or hereditary methemoglobinemia, or toxic methemoglobinemia, the iron contained in the hemoglobin in the red blood cells is not divalent iron (Fe++), but trivalent iron that cannot be combined with oxygen (Fe+++), can not play the role of carrying oxygen and cause cyanosis.

　　In addition, there are some non-disease factors that cause neonatal disorders, such as:

　　1. The newborn does not breathe for 1 minute after delivery, which is called neonatal asphyxia. After rescue, the neonatal atelectasis may appear in the purple group, or the respiratory tract infection may occur due to amniotic fluid inhalation, but there is no concurrent pneumonia.

　　2. Neonatal cyanosis occurs due to atelectasis, but the symptoms can disappear or alleviate after crying.

　　3. Coughing and choking and cyanosis when eating, and some milk choking into the trachea.

　　The main manifestations of cyanosis also vary from situation to situation. Congenital respiratory malformations, pneumonia, respiratory tract dysplasia in premature infants, congenital heart disease, etc., are more obvious in the limbs, face, mouth, lips, and tongue; while heart failure, shock, cold, convulsions, etc. The ends of fingers and toes are more obvious, and the tongue and lips can still be red. Due to different causes, newborns can have different manifestations, such as fever without rising body temperature, irregular breathing, lack of energy, weakness in sucking, vomiting, fast heart rate (up to 180 beats/min in severe cases), hepatosplenomegaly Wait. In the hospital, doctors can perform chest X-ray, ECG, blood electrolyte, blood gas analysis, and echocardiography according to the condition to confirm the diagnosis.

　　When nursing newborns, keep warm, keep the airway unobstructed, and prevent milk and vomit from choking the airway. For neonatal cyanosis, oxygen therapy should be given in time. Cyanosis indicates a lack of oxygen in the body, which may cause damage to the brain, heart, kidney, lung and other important organs of the newborn, thereby affecting its mental and physical development. If in the family, oxygen generator can produce oxygen to meet the needs of newborns for oxygen. However, you must choose absolutely safe equipment and oxygen generators without any side effects. The use of home oxygen generators buys time for the treatment of neonatal hypoxia, and avoids tanning due to hypoxia time. ⒂Elliptical sled Ψ⒂赡赡孀Nailican forgive me?

　　Neonatal sepsis is when bacteria invade the blood, multiply in the blood, produce toxins, and cause systemic infection through blood circulation. Newborns have low disease resistance, and their immunity needs to be gradually improved after birth. Therefore, bacteria can easily enter the body through the skin, digestive tract, and respiratory tract, and sepsis is prone to occur.

　　There are multiple channels for germs to invade the newborn's body. Before the fetus is born, if the mother is ill or the amniotic fluid is contaminated, the bacteria can invade the fetus through the blood, or the fetus can inhale the contaminated amniotic fluid, causing the bacteria to invade the body. During childbirth, infection can occur due to inadequate disinfection, and bacteria may invade the body through the umbilical cord, skin or oral cavity after birth.

　　The symptoms of neonatal sepsis are not the same. A small number of sick children have a sudden onset; most sick children only cry or lethargy at first, have fever, eat less milk and are prone to vomiting, deepen jaundice, and abdominal distension. However, almost all sick children have lung damage, alveolar hemorrhage, edema, and shortness of breath and irregularity. Lung injury and hypoxia can be manifested as cyanosis. When a large number of bacteria and their toxins invade the body, it can lead to lower blood pressure, slow blood flow, and a large amount of blood cannot circulate effectively, causing shock. At this time, the main manifestation of the sick child is pale skin and lips. Cyanosis, low heart sounds, fast heart rate, cold sweats, cold limbs, pinkish skin, decreased blood pressure. Because the sick child cannot get sufficient blood flow, the heart, lungs and kidneys and other important organs will be hypoxic, causing late injury, making the child's resistance lower, and more difficult to treat, and severely life-threatening. If germs invade the meninges, symptoms such as convulsions, shortness of breath, and gaze to one side may occur.

　　The care of newborns is a very important link. If you take good care of it, many infectious diseases can be avoided, at least abnormal phenomena can be discovered in time, and medical treatment can be promptly sought. In order to prevent neonatal sepsis, breastfeeding should be adopted to enhance resistance, and at the same time pay attention to keep warm and add water, and to prevent heatstroke and cool down in summer. Once neonates develop sepsis, they should go to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible.

　　Neonatal sepsis is an acute infectious disease. Bacteria spread to the body's organs through the bloodstream, causing comprehensive damage to the body. Especially when the lungs are damaged and shock occurs, it will cause hypoxia in the body and aggravate the disease. If not treated in time, it will also lead to hypoxia in other organs, and even life-threatening. Therefore, oxygen therapy should be given to children with neonatal sepsis in time to reduce the damage caused by hypoxia and create conditions for further treatment. Oxygen is given to newborns at a concentration of 40% to 60%, so as to protect the newborn from hypoxia as much as possible and prevent various irreversible damages.